10 × 1 to 10 × 20, the patterns inside the row, and how to learn it without chanting
The 10 times table runs 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120 — that is 10 × 1 up to 10 × 12. Extended to twenty it carries on 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, 200. Below is the full row written out, the patterns hiding inside it, the two or three facts that cause most of the trouble, and the fastest way to get the whole table to automatic recall.
10 × 1 = 10; 10 × 2 = 20; 10 × 3 = 30; 10 × 4 = 40; 10 × 5 = 50; 10 × 6 = 60; 10 × 7 = 70; 10 × 8 = 80; 10 × 9 = 90; 10 × 10 = 100; 10 × 11 = 110; 10 × 12 = 120.
Carried on past twelve: 10 × 13 = 130; 10 × 14 = 140; 10 × 15 = 150; 10 × 16 = 160; 10 × 17 = 170; 10 × 18 = 180; 10 × 19 = 190; 10 × 20 = 200.
Backwards is worth practising too, because division questions arrive in that direction: 120 ÷ 10 = 12; 110 ÷ 10 = 11; 100 ÷ 10 = 10; 90 ÷ 10 = 9; 80 ÷ 10 = 8; 70 ÷ 10 = 7.
Every answer is the starting number with a zero on the end, because multiplying by ten shifts each digit one place to the left.
Every answer in the 10 times table is even, because 10 itself is even. An odd answer is always a mistake.
The last digits cycle: 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0. Once you notice the cycle you can rule out a wrong answer before you have finished working it out.
If the row still needs chanting from the beginning, the facts are recognised rather than recalled. Drill them shuffled, out of order, until any one of them can be answered on its own.
A useful test: ask for the answers in a random order and time each one. Anything that takes more than about two seconds is not yet learned, however well the row can be recited.
Start from the anchors. 10 × 1, 10 × 2, 10 × 5 and 10 × 10 come almost free — they are 10, 20, 50 and 100. Every other fact in the row is one short step from one of those four.
10 × 3 is 20 + 10 = 30. 10 × 4 is 20 doubled, which is 40. 10 × 6 is 50 + 10 = 60. 10 × 9 is 100 − 10 = 90. Building from anchors is far more reliable than counting up in tens from the start of the row.
Then drill in short bursts. Sixty seconds a day, shuffled, with the answers checked instantly, will beat a long weekly session every time — recall improves with the number of retrievals, not the number of minutes.
Times tables are not an end in themselves. They are the thing that makes longer arithmetic possible without a calculator: long multiplication, dividing, cancelling fractions, converting units, working out a percentage in your head. Each of those breaks down into table facts, so a slow table slows all of them down.
That is also why timing matters more than accuracy alone. A fact you can reach in half a second costs nothing inside a longer sum. A fact that takes four seconds costs four seconds every single time it appears.
The 10 times table is 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, which is 10 × 1 through 10 × 12. Carried on to twenty it continues 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, 200.
10 × 7 = 70. A quick route is 10 × 5 = 50 plus 10 × 2 = 20, which adds to 70.
10 × 12 = 120. Split the twelve into 10 + 2: 100 + 20 = 120.
Learn the four anchors first — 10 × 1 = 10, 10 × 2 = 20, 10 × 5 = 50 and 10 × 10 = 100 — then build the rest by adding or subtracting one lot of 10. Drill the row shuffled for a minute a day rather than reciting it in order.
80 ÷ 10 = 8, because 10 × 8 = 80. Every fact in the table gives you a division fact for free.
Each fact in this row has a page of its own, and every table from 1 to 20 is listed on the times tables index.